Wertheim’s hypothesis on ‘highway hypnosis’

Wertheim’s hypothesis on ‘highway hypnosis’: empirical evidence from a study on motorway and conventional road driving
Gemma Pastor Cerezuela , , Pilar Tejero, Mariano Chóliz, Mauricio Chisvert and M. José Monteagudo Instituto Universitario de Tráfico y Seguridad Vial (INTRAS), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain Received 18 March 2003; Revised 23 November 2003; accepted 11 February 2004. Available online 10 May 2004.
Abstract
This paper aims to study the phenomenon known as ‘highway hypnosis’ or ‘driving without attention mode’, which has been defined as a state showing sleepiness signs and attention slip resulting from driving a motor vehicle for a long period in a highly predictable environment with low event occurrence, this being the case with motorways and very familiar roads [Highway hypnosis: a theoretical analysis. In: Gale, A.G., Brown, I.D., Haslegrave, C.M., Moorhead, I., Taylor, S. (Eds.), Vision in Vehicles-III. Elsevier, North-Holland, pp. 467–472]. According to Wertheim’s hypothesis on ‘highway hypnosis’, long-term driving on motorways and conventional roads, e.g. main roads, secondary roads—implies differences in the predictability of the movement pattern of the visual stimulation, in the eye musculature activity and in the type of feedback used in visual information processing (mostly extra-retinal on motorways and retinal and extra-retinal on conventional roads). All this ultimately leads to alertness differences between both road types. Our research is intended to provide empirical evidence from the hypothesis, based on the data recorded during the actual driving experience of a group of subjects on a motorway and a conventional road. We studied whether or not significant alertness differences were found-measured by EEG data relative to time periods of on-target eye-tracking performance—between motorway and conventional road driving. Our results partially support the hypothesis, as drowsiness proved to be higher on motorways than on conventional roads during the final driving period but not during the starting stage, when the opposite trend was noticed. This result could be explained by the fact that during the first driving periods the effects of the stimulus movement predictability had not yet become apparent, since they tend to show after a long drive.
Author Keywords: Driving; Motorway; Conventional road; Alertness; Highway hypnosis; Inattention; Oculomotor control; Time on task

Corresponding author. Present address: Departamento de Psicología Básica, Facultad de Psicología, (Universidad de Valencia), Av. Blasco Ibáñez 21, , Valencia 46010, , Spain. Tel.: +34-96-3864447; fax: +34-96-3864822.